Post Terbaik Blog

Pengikut ana

Jumaat, 23 Disember 2011

Fahami Keseliratan Kemenangan Parti Islam Di Mesir

Parti Kebebasan dan Keadilan tajaan gerakan tersohor Ikhwan Muslimin

Parti An-Nur berhaluan salaf yang agak keras sebelum ini

Mesir: Satu persamaan yang kompleks

Pada hakikatnya, Ikhwan dan kuasa politik dan visi Al Nour yang sangat berbeza daripada ideologi Islam mereka

Oleh Tariq Ramadan, Khas dari Berita Teluk

Ia tidak mudah untuk menilai apa yang benar-benar berlaku di Mesir. Selepas pilihan raya pusingan pertama
keputusan, semua hipotesis kekal mungkin hasilnya tidak dapat diduga. Kedua-dua pihak Islam, Kebebasan dan Keadilan yang mewakili Ikhwan Muslimin dan Al Nour, mewakili Salafists, telah muncul sebagai kuasa-kuasa utama politik di Mesir, yang membawa kepada soalan-soalan mengenai sifat negara pada masa akan datang.

Keadaan bergerak dengan pantas dan banyak unsur mengejutkan, tidak jelas dan tidak diketahui: ia adalah sukar untuk mengenal pasti bukan sahaja pihak yang terbabit tetapi juga pakatan baru yang sedang terbentuk pada titik perubahan ini sejarah.

Dalam masa kurang daripada enam bulan, pergerakan Salafist telah mengubah kedudukannya ideologi dan agama ke arah "demokrasi". Pemimpin-pemimpin mereka telah mengulangi selama bertahun-tahun bahawa "demokrasi" bukan Islam, bahawa ia adalah lebih kufur (menolak Islam), dan bahawa umat Islam sejati tidak perlu mengambil bahagian dalam pilihan raya atau dalam politik sama sekali - sebagai keseluruhan sistem rasuah kepada asas sangat.

Kemudian, tiba-tiba, yang Salafists menubuhkan sebuah parti, mula aktif di mana-mana sahaja di negara ini, mengeluarkan risalah-risalah dan buku kecil, memanggil orang ramai untuk mengundi bagi mereka, dan jika tidak, sekurang-kurangnya untuk Ikhwan. Turnabout 180-ijazah masing-masing seperti yang cepat kerana ia adalah mengejutkan dan ingin tahu. Bagaimana mereka kini mengisytiharkan Islam yang sah apa yang hanya hari ini mereka dikenali sebagai kufur? Bagaimana mereka boleh minta orang ramai untuk mengundi Ikhwan yang mereka pula sentiasa mengkritik, hampir dari awal, sebagai terlalu jauh daripada "Islam yang sebenar", terlalu terbuka kepada inovasi yang berbahaya (Bida), dan secara ringkas, terlalu "barat dan moden? "Mengapa Salafists berubah begitu dramatik?

Ia bukan merupakan kali pertama kami telah diperhatikan apa-apa perubahan di kalangan literalis lebih dan pertubuhan Islam tradisional. Dalam pertengahan sembilan puluhan di Afghanistan dan Pakistan, Taliban enggan untuk mempertimbangkan penglibatan politik, bagi mereka ia adalah Islam yang salah. Dalam masa kurang daripada lapan bulan, mereka menganjurkan sendiri menjadi salah satu daripada kuasa-kuasa utama di Afghanistan dan terlibat politik.

Nanti kita mengetahui bahawa mereka telah ditolak ke kedudukan itu di bawah tekanan Saudi (walaupun Arab Saudi menganggap Taliban berikutan sekolah pemikiran Islam yang telah berubah) sebagai tindak balas kepada strategi Amerika di rantau ini.

Amerika tidak pernah mempunyai masalah dalam berurusan dengan trend literalis Islam yang lebih. Di atas tanah, di Afghanistan, seperti hari ini di Mesir, Salafists bermain permainan bertentangan: mereka telah menerima pakai yang baru bagi mereka kedudukan Islam, manakala dalam amalan mereka bekerja untuk kepentingan sangat (seperti Amerika Syarikat) bahawa mereka menolak dan demonize secara teori.

Senario yang sama boleh berlaku di Mesir hari ini.

Masalah dengan Salafists dan tradisionalis (seperti Taliban) bukan sahaja tafsiran mereka Islam (literalis, berfikiran sempit dan sering keras kepala), tetapi juga potensi penggunaan yang boleh dibuat kehadiran mereka dari segi politik. Tiada siapa yang boleh menafikan mereka boleh (dan selalunya) agama yang ikhlas. Pada masa yang sama, mereka adalah politik naif dan mudah untuk memanipulasi. Ini menjadi jelas di Afghanistan dan boleh memegang benar di Mesir lagi.

Dunia melihat keputusan pilihan raya pusingan pertama, dan menyimpulkan bahawa kedua-dua pihak Islamis akaun bagi hampir 60 peratus undi (kerana ada harus pakatan semulajadi antara kedua-dua). Yang mungkin menjadi tafsiran yang salah. Ia adalah mustahil bahawa Al Nour pihak boleh mempunyai satu lagi peranan yang perlu dimainkan dalam persamaan Mesir. Disokong, ideologi dan kewangan, oleh kerajaan Arab Saudi, ia boleh muncul sebagai salah satu pelakon strategi Mesir Amerika.

Al Nour akan menjadi alat untuk melemahkan pengaruh dan kuasa Ikhwan dengan memaksa ke dalam pakatan yang berisiko. Jika Ikhwan memilih untuk membuat kesimpulan pakatan dengan literalis dengan cepat akan kehilangan kredibilitinya dan meletakkan dirinya bertentangan dengan agenda reformis diisytiharkan. Jika ia memutuskan untuk mengelakkan Salafists, ia akan ada pilihan lain melainkan untuk mempertimbangkan persekutuan dengan kuasa-kuasa politik yang lain (yang sangat lemah) dan terutamanya tentera, yang masih sangat kuat.

Ikhwan memutuskan untuk bertanding hanya 40 peratus daripada jawatan pilihan raya dan tidak bertanding jawatan presiden. Ia mengumumkan bahawa ia akan menjadi kuasa politik yang aktif dan utama tetapi akan mengelakkan mendedahkan sendiri. Strategi ini adalah cara untuk menenangkan Barat dan untuk mengelakkan kehilangan kredibilitinya, kerana ia akan bertindak dalam mod yang lebih berhati-hati.

Ikhwan kini mendapati dirinya dalam ini amat sukar, dan untuk itu, cukup kedudukan berbahaya,. Al Nour boleh menjadi musuh yang paling kuat Ikhwan dan sekutu objektif tentera. Atas alasan, kedua-dua pihak Islam meminta supaya rujukan yang sama dan menggalakkan beberapa objektif yang sama, pada hakikatnya mereka mewakili kuasa politik dan visi yang agak berbeza.

Sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, Ikhwan telah menunjukkan bagaimana pragmatik ia boleh berkembang dengan sejarah, menyesuaikan strategi dan mempelbagaikan kenalan (Arab Saudi, Amerika Syarikat, negara-negara Eropah, negara-negara membangun, dan lain-lain). Ia seolah-olah ia tidak akan mungkin untuk Ikhwan untuk mengelakkan urus niaga, satu cara atau yang lain, dengan tentera.

Terdapat khabar angin perjanjian tetapi tidak ada apa-apa yang jelas: sekarang ia seolah-olah perjanjian itu agak tidak dapat dielakkan. Ini adalah kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, yang mengekalkan hubungan yang rapat dengan para jeneral, bekerja untuk menyimpan beberapa kawalan ke atas keadaan.

Wajah awam seperti Mohammad Al Baradei (juga berhampiran dengan Amerika bertentangan dengan apa yang dikatakan) mungkin dipilih secara demokratik kemudian, tetapi kuasa sebenar akan di tempat lain.

Walaupun apa yang kita telah menyaksikan sejak beberapa minggu lepas, ia akan menjadi lebih baik untuk menggantung penghakiman dan kekal berhati-hati dalam kesimpulan kami. Mesir adalah sebuah negara yang kritikal di Timur Tengah dan bukan Israel dan Amerika Syarikat tidak akan kekal penonton pasif apabila orang-orang Mesir memilih Ikhwan, yang mempunyai ideologi yang sama seperti Hamas (apabila ia datang kepada konflik Palestin-Israel).

Beberapa pelakon serantau yang lain, yang tidak benar-benar mengambil berat tentang demokrasi, seperti yang monarki, memainkan peranan penting dalam meneutralkan kuasa-kuasa Islam. Dan, dalam apa jua keadaan, kuasa-kuasa ini masih mempunyai banyak untuk membuktikan tiada siapa yang tahu sama ada mereka akan menunaikan janji mereka apabila yang bertanggungjawab.

Jalan ke arah demokrasi di Mesir jauh dari telus, kita harus mengelak daripada mengambil penampilan untuk realiti. Islam mungkin bekerja terhadap Islam seperti kerajaan demokrasi barat mungkin menyokong peralatan ketenteraan bukan demokratik. Ini adalah politik, kita mesti sentiasa berhati-hati walaupun dalam optimis kami. Agama atau tidak, keikhlasan dalam politik tidak pernah cukup.



Tariq Ramadan adalah profesor Pengajian Islam Kontemporari di Fakulti Pengajian Oriental di Universiti Oxford dan seorang profesor pelawat di Fakulti Pengajian Islam di Qatar. Beliau adalah pengarang Islam dan Arab Awakening.

Teks asal

Egypt: A complex equation

In reality, the Brotherhood and Al Nour's political forces and visions differ greatly from their Islamist ideologies

  • By Tariq Ramadan, Special to Gulf News

It is not easy to assess what is really happening in Egypt. After the first round election results, all hypotheses remain possible; the outcome is unpredictable. The two Islamist parties, Freedom and Justice representing the Muslim Brotherhood and Al Nour, representing the Salafists, have emerged as the main political forces in Egypt, giving rise to questions about the nature of the future state.

Things are moving rapidly and many elements are surprising, unclear and even unknown: it is difficult to identify not only the protagonists but also the new alliances that are taking shape at this historical turning point.

In less than six months, the Salafist movement has completely changed its ideological and religious position toward “democracy”. Their leaders had been repeating for years that “democracy” was not Islamic, that it was even kufr (rejection of Islam), and that true Muslims should not take part in elections — or in politics at all — as the whole system is corrupt to its very foundations.

Then, suddenly, the Salafists set up a party, started to be active everywhere in the country, producing leaflets and booklets, calling the people to vote for them and, if not, at least for the Brotherhood. Their 180-degree turnabout was as quick as it was surprising and curious. How could they now declare to be Islamically legitimate what only yesterday they called kufr? How can they ask the people to vote for the Brotherhood who they constantly criticised, almost from the beginning, as being too far from “true Islam”, too open to harmful innovations (bida), and, in a nutshell, too “westernised and modern?” Why are the Salafists changing so dramatically?

Egypt: A complex equation (Klik)

In reality, the Brotherhood and Al Nour's political forces and visions differ greatly from their Islamist ideologies

  • By Tariq Ramadan, Special to Gulf News
  • Published: 00:00 December 13, 2011
  • Gulf News
  • Image Credit: Ramachandra Babu/©Gulf News

It is not easy to assess what is really happening in Egypt. After the first round election results, all hypotheses remain possible; the outcome is unpredictable. The two Islamist parties, Freedom and Justice representing the Muslim Brotherhood and Al Nour, representing the Salafists, have emerged as the main political forces in Egypt, giving rise to questions about the nature of the future state.

Things are moving rapidly and many elements are surprising, unclear and even unknown: it is difficult to identify not only the protagonists but also the new alliances that are taking shape at this historical turning point.

In less than six months, the Salafist movement has completely changed its ideological and religious position toward “democracy”. Their leaders had been repeating for years that “democracy” was not Islamic, that it was even kufr (rejection of Islam), and that true Muslims should not take part in elections — or in politics at all — as the whole system is corrupt to its very foundations.

Then, suddenly, the Salafists set up a party, started to be active everywhere in the country, producing leaflets and booklets, calling the people to vote for them and, if not, at least for the Brotherhood. Their 180-degree turnabout was as quick as it was surprising and curious. How could they now declare to be Islamically legitimate what only yesterday they called kufr? How can they ask the people to vote for the Brotherhood who they constantly criticised, almost from the beginning, as being too far from “true Islam”, too open to harmful innovations (bida), and, in a nutshell, too “westernised and modern?” Why are the Salafists changing so dramatically?

It is not the first time we have observed such changes among the more literalist and traditional Islamic organisations. In the mid-nineties in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Taliban refused to consider political involvement; for them it was Islamically wrong. In less than eight months, they organised themselves into one of the main forces in Afghanistan and got involved politically.

We later learned that they had been pushed into that position under Saudi pressure (even though the Saudis considered the Taliban to be following a distorted Islamic school of thought) in response to American strategy in the region.

The Americans have never had a problem in dealing with the more literalist Islamist trends. On the ground, in Afghanistan, as today in Egypt, the Salafists are playing a contradictory game: they have adopted a completely new — for them — Islamic position, while in practice they work for the very interests (such as those of the US) that they reject and demonise in theory.

The same scenario may well be unfolding in Egypt today.

The problem with the Salafists and the traditionalists (such as the Taliban) is not only their interpretation of Islam (literalist, narrow-minded and often obdurate) but also the potential use that can be made of their presence in political terms. No one can deny they can be (and very often are) religiously sincere. At the same time, they are politically naive and easy to manipulate. This became clear in Afghanistan and may hold true in Egypt again.

The world is looking at the first-round election results, and concluding that the two Islamist parties account for almost 60 per cent of the vote (as there should be a natural alliances between the two). That might be a completely wrong interpretation. It is possible that the Al Nour party may have another role to play in the Egyptian equation. Supported, ideologically and financially, by the Saudi government, it may emerge as one of the actors of America’s Egypt strategy.

Al Nour would be a tool to weaken the Brotherhood’s influence and power by forcing it into risky alliances. If the Brotherhood chooses to conclude a pact with the literalists it will very quickly lose its credibility and put itself at odds with its proclaimed reformist agenda. If it decides to avoid the Salafists, it would have no alternative but to consider an alliance with other political forces (which are very weak) and mainly the military, which remains very powerful.

The Brotherhood decided to contest only 40 per cent of the electoral positions and not to contest the presidency. It announced it would be an active and key political force but would avoid exposing itself. This strategy was a way to appease the West and to avoid losing its credibility, as it would be acting in a more discreet mode.

The Brotherhood now finds itself in a very tricky, and for it, quite a dangerous, position. Al Nour may become the strongest enemy of the Brotherhood and the objective ally of the military. On the ground, the two Islamist parties invoke the same references and promote several common objectives; in reality they represent quite distinct political forces and visions.

Over the years, the Brotherhood has shown how pragmatic it can be: evolving with history, adapting its strategy and diversifying its contacts (Saudi Arabia, the US, the European countries, the emerging countries, etc). It seems it will not be possible for the Brotherhood to avoid dealing, one way or another, with the military.

There were rumours of an agreement but nothing was clear: now it seems such an agreement is quite unavoidable. This is what the US government, which is maintaining close links with the generals, is working for in order to keep some control over the situation.

A civilian face such as Mohammad Al Baradei (also close to the Americans contrary to what is said) might be democratically elected later, yet true power will be elsewhere.

Despite what we have witnessed over the last few weeks, it would be better to suspend judgement and remain cautious in our conclusions. Egypt is a critical country in the Middle East and neither Israel nor the US will remain passive onlookers when the Egyptians choose the Brotherhood, whose ideology is the same as Hamas’s (when it comes to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict).

Some other regional actors, which do not really care about democracy, such as the monarchies, are playing a key role in neutralising the Islamist forces. And, in any event, these forces still have much to prove; no one knows whether they will keep their promises when in charge.

The way towards democracy in Egypt is far from transparent; we should avoid taking appearances for realities. Islamists might work against Islamists just as a democratic western government might support a non-democratic military apparatus. This is politics; we must remain vigilant even in our optimism. Religious or not, sincerity in politics is never enough.

Tariq Ramadan is professor of Contemporary Islamic Studies in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Oxford University and a visiting professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies in Qatar. He is the author of Islam and the Arab Awakening.

Tiada ulasan:

Catat Ulasan